Subordinating Conjunction: Definition, Examples & Rules | English Grammar
Last Updated: 01 Jul, 2025
Welcome! In this lesson, you'll learn all about Subordinating Conjunctions in English grammar. We'll cover what they are, how to use them, and why they're important. You'll find real-life examples, a quick quiz, and pro tips to help you master this essential grammar topic.
What is a Subordinating Conjunction?
Subordinating Conjunction Definition: A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent (main) clause. These conjunctions show the relationship between the two clauses, such as time, cause, condition, or contrast.
Why are Subordinating Conjunctions Important? They help us create complex sentences by joining ideas and showing how they relate to each other.
Function in Grammar
Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause to form complex sentences. For example:
- Because it was raining, we stayed inside. (cause)
- I will call you when I arrive. (time)
- Although he studied hard, he failed the test. (contrast)
Subordinating vs Coordinating Conjunction
| Subordinating Conjunction | Coordinating Conjunction |
|---|---|
| because | and |
| although | but |
| when | or |
| if | so |
A subordinating conjunction creates dependent clauses, while a coordinating conjunction joins equal parts.
📌 Subordinating Conjunction Challenge!
Can you spot the subordinating conjunctions in these sentences?
- Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
- I will call you when I arrive.
- Although he studied hard, he failed the test.
Show Answers
- Because
- when
- Although
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
- Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
- I will call you when I arrive.
- Although he studied hard, he failed the test.
- If you finish your homework, you can watch TV.
- She left after the movie ended.
- While I was cooking, the phone rang.
- Since you asked nicely, I'll help you.
- Unless it rains, we'll have the picnic.
- Before you leave, please turn off the lights.
- As soon as he arrives, we'll start the meeting.
Notice how each subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause.
List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions
- because
- although
- when
- if
- after
- while
- since
- unless
- before
- as
- though
- even though
- whereas
- until
- once
- provided that
- as long as
- as soon as
- in order that
- so that
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
| Type | Conjunction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Time | when, while, after, before | When I arrive, I'll call you. |
| Cause | because, since, as | Because it's raining, we'll stay in. |
| Condition | if, unless, provided that | If you study, you'll pass. |
| Contrast | although, though, even though | Although it's cold, we'll go out. |
Subordinating conjunctions are grouped by the type of relationship they show between clauses.
Special Rules and Notes
- Comma Rule: When a dependent clause comes first, use a comma after it.
- No Comma: When the independent clause comes first, usually no comma is needed.
- Dependent Clause: A clause with a subordinating conjunction cannot stand alone.
- Complex Sentences: Subordinating conjunctions create complex sentences (one independent + one dependent clause).
- Multiple Uses: Some words can be subordinating conjunctions or other parts of speech depending on context.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Sentence Fragments: Don't use a dependent clause alone as a complete sentence.
- Missing Commas: Remember to use commas when the dependent clause comes first.
- Wrong Conjunction: Choose the subordinating conjunction that shows the correct relationship.
- Run-on Sentences: Don't connect too many clauses without proper punctuation.
Quick Quiz: Spot the Subordinating Conjunction!
Which words are subordinating conjunctions in these sentences?
- Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
- I will call you when I arrive.
- Although he studied hard, he failed the test.
- If you finish your homework, you can watch TV.
- She left after the movie ended.
Answers: Because, when, Although, If, after
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks
Complete these sentences with appropriate subordinating conjunctions:
- _____ it was raining, we stayed inside.
- I will call you _____ I arrive.
- _____ he studied hard, he failed the test.
- _____ you finish your homework, you can watch TV.
- She left _____ the movie ended.
Show Answers
- Because
- when
- Although
- If
- after
Exercise 2: Identify the Subordinating Conjunction
Find the subordinating conjunction in each sentence:
- Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
- I will call you when I arrive.
- Although he studied hard, he failed the test.
- While I was cooking, the phone rang.
- Since you asked nicely, I'll help you.
Show Answers
- Because
- when
- Although
- While
- Since
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a subordinating conjunction?
A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing relationships like time, cause, condition, or contrast. Examples include because, although, when, if, since.
How do you use subordinating conjunctions in a sentence?
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses that cannot stand alone. For example: I stayed home because it was raining. When she arrives, we will start the meeting.
What are the most common subordinating conjunctions?
Common subordinating conjunctions include: because, although, since, when, while, if, unless, before, after, as, though, whereas, until, wherever, whenever.
What is the difference between subordinating and coordinating conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions create dependent clauses and show relationships (because, when, if), while coordinating conjunctions join equal parts and create compound sentences (and, but, or).
Can you give examples of subordinating conjunctions in sentences?
Yes! Examples: Because it was raining, we stayed inside. She studied hard although she was tired. If you come early, we can have lunch together.
Do you need commas with subordinating conjunctions?
Use a comma when the dependent clause comes first. No comma when the independent clause comes first. Example: Because it rained, we stayed inside. vs. We stayed inside because it rained.
What are complex sentences?
Complex sentences contain one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected by subordinating conjunctions. Example: When the rain stopped, we went outside.
How do subordinating conjunctions show relationships?
They show various relationships: time (when, before, after), cause (because, since), condition (if, unless), contrast (although, though), and place (where, wherever).
Conclusion
Subordinating conjunctions help us create complex sentences by connecting dependent clauses to independent clauses. Practice using them to make your writing more sophisticated and clear!